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This project was funded by the UK’s Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) programme from 2010-13. It brought together collaborators from a number of institutions around the world to address the concern that the growing trend towards paying for ecosystem services (like biodiversity, carbon sequestration or watershed services) may be disadvantaging certain groups. This may arise, for example, when vulnerable groups are not engaged in decision-making about such schemes, which frequently require producers to change their land use, or when benefits and costs of schemes are distributed disproportionately between different stakeholder groups.

A conceptual framework was developed based on literature and specially commissioned reviews of the marketing of different ecosystem services (from timber to water and carbon sequestration). This was tested in four case study projects (in India, Cambodia, Uganda and Bolivia) which were developing ecosystem service markets with local people.

The equity framework (Fig 1) consists of a central core (comprising distributive, procedural and contextual equity) surrounded by layers representing the target or scale of equity, the goal of equity, and the parameter-setting process. By setting out guiding questions, it can form the basis of an inclusive process in which participants at all levels from local to nation states have a say in determining a context-specific definition of equity.